The “little trees” are full of fiber, folate, vitamins and more. @ClevelandClinic #broccoli

“Eat your broccoli,” may be a familiar refrain from your childhood. Maybe you didn’t love broccoli as a kid, but your parents were onto something. The “little trees” are full of fiber, folate, vitamins and more.

Broccoli is a member of the Brassica genus of plants, also known as the cabbage family. Broccoli’s relatives include Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, chard and watercress. Many Brassicas have strong flavors and mix well with meats and other vegetables.

“A pile of steamed broccoli doesn’t appeal to everyone,” recognizes registered dietitian Beth Czerwony, RD, LD. “But broccoli is incredibly versatile and can be used in so many different dishes. Toss it in with your stir fry, chop it fresh in a salad or roast it with your baby potatoes. And with an abundance of nutrients, there are many benefits of eating broccoli.”

Broccoli nutrition facts

A cup of chopped raw broccoli has approximately:

In addition, a cup of raw broccoli offers:

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture

Broccoli benefits

It’s worth finding ways to add broccoli to your diet because it’s a health-boosting dynamo. Here’s some motivation for you to get your green on: Some of the beneficial substances in broccoli are somewhat unique to the Brassica family of vegetables. Broccoli provides nutrients that may:

  • Reduce your risk of cancer.
  • Help control blood sugar.
  • Protect your gut.
  • Boost immunity.

As a superfood status, broccoli can improve your health with these five components:

1. Compounds to reduce cancer risk

“Broccoli offers some powerful molecules that protect your cells from damage,” says Czerwony. “Some of them even destroy cancer cells.”

Cancer-fighting molecules in broccoli include DIM, indole-3-carbinol and sulforaphaneAccording to studies, they may help:

  • Detoxify certain substances that promote the growth of cancer cells, which means they don’t remove the substances, but they remove the harmful effects.
  • Provide antioxidants, which prevent cell damage that can lead to cancer.
  • Stop the growth and spread of cancer cells.
  • Support apoptosis, your body’s process for destroying cells that could turn into cancer.

These anticancer molecules are in several of broccoli’s cruciferous veggie relatives, too. These nutrients don’t survive cooking or freezing. So, to get the benefits, raw broccoli is best.

“Some of these compounds are even more concentrated in broccoli sprouts,” notes Czerwony. “You can find broccoli sprouts in health food stores and many grocery stores. Sprouts are also easy to grow at home using a sprouting kit.”

2. Nutrients to help manage blood sugar

Both human and lab studies suggest compounds in broccoli may help lower blood sugar in people with Type 2 diabetes. This effect may be due to the antioxidants in broccoli, like vitamin C.

Research shows that fiber can also help with blood sugar management. At 2.5 grams of fiber per cup, broccoli is a good source of this nutrient.

3. Ligands to protect your gut

In a nonhuman study, researchers found that broccoli can help protect the lining of your small intestine. Compounds found in broccoli, called aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands, help keep small intestine cells working well.

Why do those cells matter so much? When your small intestine lining is healthy, it only allows water and nutrients to pass through it into your bloodstream.

But when the cells of the lining are damaged, undigested food particles, bacteria and other disease-causing particles may pass through. A damaged small intestine lining can lead to infections and inflammation. It can also prevent you from absorbing the nutrients you need.

4. Vitamin C to boost immunity

Vitamin C is well-studied as an immune-boosting nutrient. When you don’t have enough vitamin C, you’re more likely to get infections.

The antioxidant effects of vitamin C also help your body keep free radicals under control. “Free radical damage is linked to all kinds of problems, including Alzheimer’s disease, autoimmune diseases, cancer, heart disease and Parkinson’s disease,” says Czerwony. When you don’t have enough antioxidants to neutralize free radicals, they damage your cells.

Surprising but true: Broccoli has more vitamin C than oranges. In 1 cup of the green cruciferous veggie, you get a whopping 81 milligrams of vitamin C. That’s 90% of the daily U.S. recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for adults. (An orange has about 70 milligrams.)

5. Nutrients to help heart health

Research suggests certain bioactive compounds in broccoli may boost your heart health in a variety of ways. It may:

  • Lower triglycerides and LDL (“bad”) cholesterol: “High LDL can lead to fatty deposits on your artery walls, increasing your risk of artery disease, stroke and heart attack,” Czerwony explains. Research shows that eating broccoli can lower triglycerides, a type of fat, as well as LDL.
  • Provide fiber: According to a review of 22 clinical trials, fiber can reduce your risk of cardiovascular and coronary artery disease.
  • Reduce calcium buildup in blood vessels: When calcium builds up on your blood vessel walls, it increases your risk of heart attack and strokeAccording to research, broccoli can help reduce this calcium buildup.

Is frozen broccoli healthy?

“If you want those anticancer compounds like sulforaphane, choose fresh broccoli,” advises Czerwony. Freezing inactivates sulforaphane.

“Frozen broccoli also loses a bit of its vitamin content. But overall, frozen broccoli is still very healthy. It’s better than not eating any broccoli because you still get a lot of the health benefits,” she continues.

Need some broccoli-inspired meals? Try these easy recipes:

Bananas nature’s perfect snack @ClevelandClinic #therapeutic

Some have called bananas “nature’s perfect snack,” and it’s easy to see why. The curvy yellow fruits come conveniently packaged, travel well in a lunch bag or purse and are incredibly versatile. They make a great smoothie mixer or a tasty topper on cereal or oatmeal and even have their very own category of (delicious!) muffins and bread.

Are bananas healthy?

 “Absolutely,” says registered dietitian Elyse Homan, RD, LD. “They’re full of nutrients and easy on the gut. Very few people have problems digesting bananas.”

So, what are you eating when you peel and enjoy? A medium-sized ripe banana contains:

  • 105 calories.
  • 1 gram of protein.
  • 28 grams of carbohydrates.
  • 15 grams of (natural) sugar.
  • 3 grams of fiber.
  • Less than 1 gram of fat.

Health benefits of eating bananas

From vitamins to minerals to fiber, bananas are good for you, with lots of nutrition to offer. Plus, they’re easy to digest, reiterates Homan. Here’s a breakdown of banana’s most notable nutritional benefits:

1. Fiber for improved digestion and disease prevention

With 3 grams (g) of fiber, a banana supplies nearly 10% of what you need in a day, based on a 2,000-calorie daily diet, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) dietary guidelines.

You hear “fiber” and probably automatically think of digestion. It’s true — fiber is great for your gut. It helps keep things moving in your intestines, and most of us probably need to eat more.

But fiber also impacts your health in other ways. Researchers who looked at data from nearly 200 studies found that people who ate 25 to 29 g of fiber a day had up to a 30% decreased risk of:

  • Colorectal cancer.
  • Heart disease.
  • High blood pressure.
  • High cholesterol.
  • Stroke.
  • Type 2 diabetes.

2. Vitamin C for better immune health

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a nutrient that helps your body absorb iron and boosts your immune system’s ability to fight illness. Adults need 75 to 90 milligrams (mg) per day. A banana delivers about 10 mg of vitamin C.

Vitamin C is one of many antioxidants you can get from food. Antioxidants are important because they cancel out free radicals in your body. Free radicals can build up and damage your cells, leading to disease. But antioxidants like vitamin C keep free radicals in check.

3. Vitamin B6 for improved metabolism and more

Your body needs vitamin B6 for:

  • Appetite regulation.
  • Immune system functions.
  • Metabolic processes.
  • Nervous system health.
  • Sleep regulation.

“One banana will give you one-quarter to one-third of the vitamin B6 you need in a day,” says Homan.

4. Potassium for organ health and lower blood pressure

The USDA recommended daily intake of potassium for adults is 4,700 to 5,000 mg. A banana supplies you with about 422 mg, or a little less than 10% of what you need per day.

Potassium, a mineral, does a lot for your body. It’s essential for the proper function of your:

  • Heart.
  • Kidneys.
  • Muscles.
  • Nerves.

Getting enough potassium also keeps your blood pressure in a healthy range. Potassium, which lowers blood pressure, balances out sodium, which raises blood pressure.

Homan says potassium also benefits your vascular system — the network of blood vessels and lymph vessels that run through your body’s tissues and organs — and reduces your risk of:

  • Heart disease.
  • Kidney failure.
  • Stroke.

5. Magnesium for improved blood pressure, blood sugar and more

A single medium-sized banana offers about 32 mg of the mineral magnesium, which fulfills around 8% to 10% of your daily magnesium requirement.

Magnesium is involved in many processes in your body, including:

  • Blood pressure.
  • Blood sugar levels.
  • Building proteins.
  • Maintaining bone.
  • Muscle function.
  • Nerve function.

Bananas and resistant starch

Green, or unripe, bananas are high in resistant starch. “Your body can’t digest resistant starch,” notes Homan. “Instead, it’s a prebiotic that promotes the growth of good bacteria in your colon.” Prebiotics improve digestive health and can be helpful if you’re experiencing diarrhea.

“I often hear patients say they avoid bananas since they’ve heard the fruit is too high in sugar,” says Homan. As bananas ripen, much of the resistant starch changes to sugar. But the health benefits of antioxidants and fiber outweigh the naturally occurring sugar. For those worried about blood sugar levels, pair bananas with a protein source such as peanut butter or a cheese stick for better control.

A small word of warning about unripe bananas: “If you’re not used to eating resistant starch, start slowly to let your body get used to it. Some people can experience constipation, gas and bloating at first,” adds Homan.

Another plus of this fruit? In addition to all the health benefits of bananas, they’re less expensive than many other fruits.

US Surgeon General calls for cancer warnings on alcohol labels @Just_Drinks

Evidence suggests “one or fewer drinks per day” may elevate the risk for cancers.

January 6, 2025

The US Surgeon General has issued an advisory recommending updates to alcoholic beverage labels to include warnings about the risks of cancer.

The document, titled Surgeon General’s Advisory on Alcohol and Cancer Risk, addressed the “direct link” between alcohol consumption and an increased risk of cancer.

According to the advisory, alcohol is the “third leading preventable cause” of cancer in the US, following tobacco use and obesity.

It underscored that alcohol consumption contributed to cancers of the breast, colorectum, oesophagus, liver, mouth, throat, and voice box, regardless of the alcohol type.

Cancer risk increases with alcohol intake, and evidence suggests that even low levels—such as “one or fewer drinks per day” —can elevate the risk for breast, mouth, and throat cancers, according to a statement from the Surgeon General’s office.

Dr Murthy called for revising the Surgeon General’s health warning labels on alcohol-containing beverages to include information about cancer risks.

This advisory also emphasised the need to reevaluate recommended limits for alcohol consumption based on the latest research to account for cancer risks.

Dr Murthy said: “Alcohol is a well-established, preventable cause of cancer responsible for about 100,000 cases of cancer and 20,000 cancer deaths annually in the US – greater than the 13,500 alcohol-associated traffic crash fatalities per year in the US – yet the majority of Americans are unaware of this risk. 

“This advisory lays out steps we can all take to increase awareness of alcohol’s cancer risk and minimise harm.”

The release also urged public health professionals and community groups to emphasise alcohol consumption “as a leading modifiable cancer risk factor” and improve education efforts to raise public awareness.

The surgeon general advised people to consider the link between alcohol consumption and increased cancer risk “when deciding whether to drink or how much to have”.

The action comes in response to a 2020 letter addressed to Dr Murthy by the Center for Science in the Public Interest, American Institute for Cancer Research, Consumer Federation of America, and US Alcohol Policy Alliance, urging an update to alcoholic beverage labels to include cancer warnings.

A 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) report noted that around 2.6 million annual deaths are due to alcohol consumption.

In May 2023, Ireland became the “first” country in the European Union to mandate health labelling on alcoholic drinks with the law anticipated to take effect from 22 May 2026.

The Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (CCSA) issued new guidance in 2023, warning that no level of alcohol consumption is risk-free and recommended a maximum of two drinks per week.

In May 2023, Ireland became the “first” country in the European Union to mandate health labelling on alcoholic drinks with the law anticipated to take effect from 22 May 2026. @Just_Drinks

Evidence suggests “one or fewer drinks per day” may elevate the risk for cancers.

January 6, 2025

The US Surgeon General has issued an advisory recommending updates to alcoholic beverage labels to include warnings about the risks of cancer.

The document, titled Surgeon General’s Advisory on Alcohol and Cancer Risk, addressed the “direct link” between alcohol consumption and an increased risk of cancer.

According to the advisory, alcohol is the “third leading preventable cause” of cancer in the US, following tobacco use and obesity.

It underscored that alcohol consumption contributed to cancers of the breast, colorectum, oesophagus, liver, mouth, throat, and voice box, regardless of the alcohol type.

Cancer risk increases with alcohol intake, and evidence suggests that even low levels—such as “one or fewer drinks per day” —can elevate the risk for breast, mouth, and throat cancers, according to a statement from the Surgeon General’s office.

Dr Murthy called for revising the Surgeon General’s health warning labels on alcohol-containing beverages to include information about cancer risks.

This advisory also emphasised the need to reevaluate recommended limits for alcohol consumption based on the latest research to account for cancer risks.

Dr Murthy said: “Alcohol is a well-established, preventable cause of cancer responsible for about 100,000 cases of cancer and 20,000 cancer deaths annually in the US – greater than the 13,500 alcohol-associated traffic crash fatalities per year in the US – yet the majority of Americans are unaware of this risk. 

“This advisory lays out steps we can all take to increase awareness of alcohol’s cancer risk and minimise harm.”

The release also urged public health professionals and community groups to emphasise alcohol consumption “as a leading modifiable cancer risk factor” and improve education efforts to raise public awareness.

The surgeon general advised people to consider the link between alcohol consumption and increased cancer risk “when deciding whether to drink or how much to have”.

The action comes in response to a 2020 letter addressed to Dr Murthy by the Center for Science in the Public Interest, American Institute for Cancer Research, Consumer Federation of America, and US Alcohol Policy Alliance, urging an update to alcoholic beverage labels to include cancer warnings.

A 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) report noted that around 2.6 million annual deaths are due to alcohol consumption.

In May 2023, Ireland became the “first” country in the European Union to mandate health labelling on alcoholic drinks with the law anticipated to take effect from 22 May 2026.

The Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (CCSA) issued new guidance in 2023, warning that no level of alcohol consumption is risk-free and recommended a maximum of two drinks per week.

US Surgeon General calls for cancer warnings on alcohol labels @Just_Drinks

Evidence suggests “one or fewer drinks per day” may elevate the risk for cancers.

January 6, 2025

The US Surgeon General has issued an advisory recommending updates to alcoholic beverage labels to include warnings about the risks of cancer.

The document, titled Surgeon General’s Advisory on Alcohol and Cancer Risk, addressed the “direct link” between alcohol consumption and an increased risk of cancer.

According to the advisory, alcohol is the “third leading preventable cause” of cancer in the US, following tobacco use and obesity.

It underscored that alcohol consumption contributed to cancers of the breast, colorectum, oesophagus, liver, mouth, throat, and voice box, regardless of the alcohol type.

Cancer risk increases with alcohol intake, and evidence suggests that even low levels—such as “one or fewer drinks per day” —can elevate the risk for breast, mouth, and throat cancers, according to a statement from the Surgeon General’s office.

Dr Murthy called for revising the Surgeon General’s health warning labels on alcohol-containing beverages to include information about cancer risks.

This advisory also emphasised the need to reevaluate recommended limits for alcohol consumption based on the latest research to account for cancer risks.

Dr Murthy said: “Alcohol is a well-established, preventable cause of cancer responsible for about 100,000 cases of cancer and 20,000 cancer deaths annually in the US – greater than the 13,500 alcohol-associated traffic crash fatalities per year in the US – yet the majority of Americans are unaware of this risk. 

“This advisory lays out steps we can all take to increase awareness of alcohol’s cancer risk and minimise harm.”

The release also urged public health professionals and community groups to emphasise alcohol consumption “as a leading modifiable cancer risk factor” and improve education efforts to raise public awareness.

The surgeon general advised people to consider the link between alcohol consumption and increased cancer risk “when deciding whether to drink or how much to have”.

The action comes in response to a 2020 letter addressed to Dr Murthy by the Center for Science in the Public Interest, American Institute for Cancer Research, Consumer Federation of America, and US Alcohol Policy Alliance, urging an update to alcoholic beverage labels to include cancer warnings.

A 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) report noted that around 2.6 million annual deaths are due to alcohol consumption.

In May 2023, Ireland became the “first” country in the European Union to mandate health labelling on alcoholic drinks with the law anticipated to take effect from 22 May 2026.

The Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (CCSA) issued new guidance in 2023, warning that no level of alcohol consumption is risk-free and recommended a maximum of two drinks per week.

Why Your Face Gets Beet Red When You Drink @ClevelandClinic #inflammation

It may come on in those first few sips of alcohol. Or maybe you’re hit with a hot flash whenever you’re a few drinks in. But whenever you drink, you seem to experience a sudden sensation of warmth, and your face, neck and upper chest become covered in red patches and blotchy skin.

Is facial flushing a sign that you can’t handle your alcohol? Or is this a symptom of something more severe? Dermatologist Alok Vij, MD, explains just what causes facial flushing, along with some truth behind some common misconceptions.

What causes your face to turn red when you drink alcohol?

There are a couple of different root causes for facial flushing. More technically termed the “alcohol flush reaction,” this occurs because your body either can’t fully digest the alcohol you’re consuming or because your body is having an inflammatory response to drinking alcohol.

“Your face may flush from alcohol for two reasons: Because of an enzyme deficiency or because of rosacea,” says Dr. Vij. “Both are tied to your ethnicity.”

Enzyme deficiency

Many Asian populations, specifically 35% to 45% of East Asians, have a deficiency in alcohol dehydrogenase, the enzyme that breaks down a specific substance in alcohol called acetaldehyde.

“Alcohol is toxic to cells, and when it gets into the cells of your blood vessels, it makes them dilate,” explains Dr. Vij. “This reddens the skin and can make you feel warm.”

But without enough of this enzyme, you can end up having too much acetaldehyde in your body, and this makes alcohol reach toxic levels much earlier in your cells. This results in your skin becoming flushed.

Rosacea

Fair-skinned people of Northern European backgrounds who flush when they drink may have some degree of rosacea.

“This very common skin condition is marked by vasomotor instability or hyperactivity,” Dr. Vij explains further. “That means lots of things can dilate your blood vessels: alcohol, chocolate, hot beverages and spicy foods — basically, all the good things in life.”

Should I be worried?

You may be asking yourself this question if you’ve ever experienced facial flushing. On the surface, facial flushing might feel cosmetically embarrassing at most and may not come with any other dangerous symptoms. For those with an enzyme deficiency, facial flushing can occasionally be experienced with increased onset of nausea or vomiting because of your body’s inability to fully digest the alcohol you’re consuming.

For the most part, these factors are mostly harmless. But because alcohol is a cellular toxin, anyone who drinks excessively increases their risk for oral cancer and esophageal cancer.

“Alcohol most frequently passes through these sites,” states Dr. Vij. “Toxicity and DNA damage can build up in cells and, eventually, a cancer can form.”

But recent studies report that those who get an alcohol flush because of an enzyme deficiency are also at heightened risk of digestive, liver and respiratory cancers. These populations are more vulnerable to alcohol’s toxicity, as it’s processed and later eliminated in:

  • Your gastrointestinal (GI) tract, especially your stomach, where alcohol is absorbed.
  • Your liver, where alcohol is sent after it’s absorbed by your stomach.
  • Your lungs, where alcohol in your blood is released in your breath.

Is rosacea linked to cancer?

“We don’t think of rosacea as a precancerous disease,” Dr. Vij clarifies. “The biggest problems rosacea causes are a bulbous nose, like W.C. Fields had, and eye inflammation.”

(It was rosacea — not alcoholism — that made the storied comedian’s nose look large, red and bumpy, because of an overgrowth of the sebaceous glands, Dr. Vij adds.)

In addition, rosacea can make your eyes feel itchy, dry and chronically irritated. These eye symptoms can be managed with anti-inflammatory medication.

“We typically prescribe oral antibiotics like doxycycline or minocycline, often at lower doses than are required to kill bacteria,” he continues.

How to prevent facial flushing when drinking

If an alcohol flush makes you feel self-conscious when you drink, certain treatments can help:

  • Topical medications: Medicines like brimonidine (Mirvaso®) can block blood vessels in your skin from dilating.
  • Laser treatments: A series of laser treatments can shrink the superficial blood vessels in your skin. “You usually need three to 10 treatments to get the full effect, but it can last for years, and prevent broken blood vessels in the later stages of rosacea,” notes Dr. Vij.

But because these medications and laser treatments are considered cosmetic, they aren’t typically covered by insurance.

Are some types of alcohol more likely to cause flushing?

So, if your face flushes, are specific kinds of alcohol to blame? And can you avoid some but not others as an at-home treatment approach to facial flushing?

“It’s really patient-specific. Some people with rosacea flush more with red wine; others flush more with hard liquor,” says Dr. Vij.

If you have rosacea and keep track of what happens when you drink, you may be able to find your triggers. But if facial flushing is an issue for you at all, avoiding alcohol in all its forms might be the next best and most equitable solution.

“If flushing bothers you, and you know alcohol is a trigger, the easiest and most cost-effective solution is to avoid it,” suggests Dr. Vij.

Alcohol has risks. We must all aim to minimise those risks. @DrPaddy_Barrett preventative cardiologist @HealthBlackrock

Let’s start with some simple facts.
Alcohol is a toxin.
Alcohol is a factor in1:
30% of suicides
40% of fatal burn injuries
50% of fatal drownings
50% of homicides
65% of fatal falls
29% of fatal road traffic accidents
Globally, alcohol is responsible for 3 million deaths per year; in the United States, it is the third leading cause of preventable death2 3.
It is hard to see the upside when you see these figures.
So let’s go a little deeper.
First off, I drink alcohol. Not a lot. But I do drink.
So any comments made here are not some puritanical position on alcohol but reflections on the data that exist in the literature.
Multiple studies have demonstrated that excess alcohol consumption, usually defined as consuming greater than 2 to 4 drinks per day, is associated with worse outcomes and a greater likelihood of dying when compared to someone who drinks less than 2 to 4 drinks per day4.

Alcohol Dosing and Total Mortality in Men and Women: An Updated Meta-analysis of 34 Prospective Studies. Arch Intern Med.2006

In the study shown above, females start to accrue an increased risk at greater than two drinks per day on average and males at greater than four drinks per day.

These findings shouldn’t come as a surprise to anyone.

Surprisingly, on average, individuals who consume less than two drinks per day appear to have better outcomes than those who do not drink at all. This is where things start to get a little counterintuitive, and the story of alcohol being beneficial for you starts to appear.

This relationship is known as a ‘U’ shaped curve where those in the middle have the best outcomes, and those on the edges have worse outcomes. A kind of ‘Goldilocks’ relationship; “Not too hot. Not too cold. Just right.”

How might we explain this?

Enter the darling of the 1990s, Resveratrol. This compound in red wine spawned the mantra that red wine was ‘good for your heart’. This was based on research that suggested that it might reduce cholesterol levels, among other things.

But to consume the levels of Resveratrol tested in some of the animal studies that demonstrated benefit, you would have to drink 40 litres of wine…… Per day.

Not exactly a feasible strategy. Even with the best will in the world.

Let’s look at a more plausible explanation.

Data on alcohol consumption and outcomes are almost always based on observational data, not randomised controlled trials. This means that other factors or ‘confounders’ may explain the difference between the groups, not the alcohol consumption alone.

When you look at the trials that suggest a benefit of modest alcohol consumption, you will often find that this group tend to exercise more, smoke less, be in a higher socioeconomic bracket etc. This is referred to as a ‘healthy user bias’ and is likely to explain the difference between the groups.

Most trials try to correct or adjust for these confounders, but in truth, it is very hard to do. A recent publication looked at this problem and attempted to (as much as possible) correct for these ‘healthy user’ bias factors and then compare outcomes between alcohol consumption groups. The results were a little more in line with what we might expect.

Those in the lowest alcohol consumption category had the best lifestyle factors overall. When these healthy factors were corrected for, any benefit seen with modest alcohol consumption disappeared. What remained was a linear relationship between alcohol consumption and coronary artery disease5. Much more what you might expect.

Association of Habitual Alcohol Intake With Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2022

Research like this and other studies is where the more recent media reports of ‘any’ alcohol being bad for you have come.

So, alcohol is a toxin. But, as Paracelsus notes:

“The dose makes the poison.”

Even water consumed to excess can be lethal.

We know that excess alcohol consumption is harmful. But I don’t think there was any great uncertainty around that point.

The key takeaway is that modest alcohol consumption is unlikely to be ‘beneficial’ to you. As much as you loved the idea that red wine was good for your heart, we can say with reasonable confidence that this is not the case.

The real question we need to answer is whether consuming modest amounts of alcohol is considerably worse for you when it comes to heart disease and death from any cause.

Based on the literature to date, it seems that the incremental risk for modest amounts of weekly alcohol consumption is likely to be small. But that doesn’t mean there are no downsides.

Sleep

One of the main reasons I significantly reduced my alcohol consumption was its effect on my sleep. If I drink more than one drink, I find that the quality of my sleep gets worse. I am much more likely to wake in the middle of the night and feel the effects the following day. But that’s just my personal experience.

Although alcohol is likely to make you fall asleep faster, it impacts your sleep quality6. Additionally, alcohol also reduces the percentage of REM sleep a person gets overnight7.

A workaround for me is to consume any alcohol during the daytime, so my sleep is unlikely to be affected, and if I am going to have a drink, I make sure it is worthwhile. I.e. I am with friends, or it is a high-quality drink. No more drinks on airplanes for me. Mainly because you lose about 30% of your sense of smell and taste in a pressurised cabin and therefore you are less likely to enjoy your drink8. Why do you think they serve you tomato juice and the fact that you think it’s tolerable?!

Humans have been consuming alcohol as far back as the ancient Egyptians, and some evidence suggests the Chinese were consuming alcohol as far back as 7000 B.C. So I don’t see alcohol disappearing any time soon.

The question we all need to ask is:

How much are we realistically drinking on a daily or weekly basis &

Is it likely to be doing us harm?

Only you can answer that question.

The only way to be certain you are doing no harm is to eliminate alcohol entirely. But life is full of risks, some of which we can control, some we cannot.

And some risks are worth taking.

Want to eliminate all road traffic accidents worldwide?

Simple.

Ban cars.

But at what cost?

The risks of driving are a risk most of us are willing to take.

Alcohol has risks.

We must all aim to minimise those risks.

Whatever that means for you, only you can decide.

1

https://www.rethinkingdrinking.niaaa.nih.gov/How-much-is-too-much/Whats-the-harm/What-Are-The-Consequences.aspx

2

Mokdad, A.H.; Marks, J.S.; Stroup, D.F.; and Gerberding, J.L. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. JAMA 291(10):1238–1245, 2004. Erratum in JAMA 293(3):298, 2005.

3

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Alcohol and Public Health: Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI). Annual Average for United States 2011–2015 Alcohol-Attributable Deaths Due to Excessive Alcohol Use, All Ages.

4

Alcohol Dosing and Total Mortality in Men and Women: An Updated Meta-analysis of 34 Prospective Studies. Arch Intern Med.2006;166(22):2437–2445. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.22.2437

5

Biddinger KJ, Emdin CA, Haas ME, et al. Association of Habitual Alcohol Intake With Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(3):e223849. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.3849

6

Britton, A., Fat, L.N. & Neligan, A. The association between alcohol consumption and sleep disorders among older people in the general population. Sci Rep 10, 5275 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62227-0

7

Ebrahim IO, Shapiro CM, Williams AJ, Fenwick PB. Alcohol and sleep I: effects on normal sleep. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013 Apr;37(4):539-49. doi: 10.1111/acer.12006.

8

Burdack-Freitag, Andrea & Bullinger, Dino & Mayer, Florian & Breuer, Klaus. (2010). Odor and taste perception at normal and low atmospheric pressure in a simulated aircraft cabin. Journal für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit. 6. 95-109. 10.1007/s00003-010-0630-y.

Tips and tricks for getting through the long, cold winter season with your nutrition intact:@ClevelandClinic

Here’s How to Make a Healthy Winter Meal Plan

Stay hearty and healthy no matter how cold it gets

Skies are gray, clouds are lowering and the temperature is dropping. And with the changing weather usually comes a transition in food, from the lighter fare of summer to more hearty winter meals.

But what’s the best way to make the switch and stay healthy? Should you really switch up your diet that much? And what’s the best way to adapt your meal planning during the coronavirus pandemic so you don’t have to leave your house as much for grocery runs?

To figure out the best way to approach your winter meal planning, we talked to registered dietitian Lisa Burnett, RD, about some important tips and tricks to getting through the long, cold season with your nutrition intact.

The most important nutrients

You’ve probably heard a lot about the need to up your vitamin D intake, especially during the winter. That’s because vitamin D not only is essential to muscle and bone health, deficiency in vitamin D has also been linked to decreased immunity and fatigue. And it’s harder to keep your vitamin D up in winter.

“We’re supposed to get most of our vitamin D from sunlight but there’s less sunlight in winter, especially in certain regions,” says Burnett. Certain foods like fortified dairy products and cold-water fish (like salmon and tuna) are good sources of vitamin D.

The bottom line, she says, is getting plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean proteins. And it’s important to remember that even if the seasons change, your body still needs the same maintenance.

“While your tastes may change, your needs don’t change a lot in terms of the vitamins and nutrients you need,” she notes. “It’s always important to eat well and keep eating fruits and vegetables to get those vitamins and minerals.”

Packing in those nutrients

Other nutrients Burnett suggests getting in your regular cold season diet as it’s better for your body to absorb these through digestion than through supplements.

“Vitamin C can boost your immunity so it’s a great thing to include however if you’re getting two-to-three servings of fruit and three-plus servings of vegetables each day, you should be able to get adequate amount of vitamin C,” she says.

And getting those vegetables doesn’t mean you have to eat a huge serving, either. Generally, a half-cup is good.

Bell peppers are a good veggie source for vitamin C, Burnett says. And for fruits, the reliable citrus fruits are good sources as are cranberries, which are more in-season, especially during the holidays.

When the season gets colder and drier, many people complain of dry, itchy and flakey skin. vitamin E can reduce inflammation and can help skin health and if you’re keeping that fruit-and-veggie intake up, you should get plenty of that, too.

B vitamins are also important, she says, as they’re antioxidants and influence your energy and brain functions. “Your dark, leafy greens are good sources for those vitamins as are legumes, like beans and lentils,” she adds.

Speaking of tastes changing with the seasons, colder weather often brings on a wave of heartier, heavier foods. But, while these meals may be beloved cold-weather traditions, Burnett says to beware of starches.

Hearty versus healthy

“Winter squashes are considered vegetables, but, nutritionally, they look a lot more like starches,” she points out. “They do have vitamins and minerals but they also have a lot of carbohydrates.”

One way to moderate that intake, she says, is to make sure you include another vegetable into your meal plan instead of another starch. “For instance, if you’re eating chicken with butternut squash, have a salad on the side instead of bread or potatoes. That helps keeps down the starch portion of your plate.

Soups

Soups are very popular in winter for a variety of reasons: they’re easy to make, they warm you up in the cold, they can keep in your freezer or fridge and they offer a wide range of flavors and combinations.

But one thing you should be wary of, Burnett says, is sodium. “That high sodium content is always a fear with soups. If you check the labels of a lot of popular store-bought soups or soups you can buy at restaurants, they have those high sodium levels.”

Instead, she says, consider making your own soups. Not only can you make your own flavor combinations but you can ensure they’re healthier options. And when it comes to bases, she also suggests choosing broth over cream.

“In cream-based soups, you’ll have those saturated fats from whatever dairy was used to make that cream base,” she says. “A great idea is to use low-sodium broth and use real, fresh ingredients.”

One more advantage of soup? A welcomed versatility in a time of social isolation.

Long-term meals

Because of the ongoing pandemic, it’s best to minimize trips to the grocery store (to protect yourself) and minimize those grocery delivery orders (to protect workers). That makes long-term meal planning and meal freezing an overlooked yet key step to staying safe and nutritious this winter.

And that’s where soups can be a big help. Says Burnett, “Soups are great to freeze so they last a long period of time. You can always pair it with a salad or, if it’s a lean protein-based soup, it could be a whole meal by itself. That’s also true of stews, too, as long as you stick healthy, fresh ingredients.”

Burnett says that batch-cooking – cooking many meals in one batch – is a big plus for the winter. “You can make several plates of three or four meals, free them and then work through them over the course of a few weeks,” she says.

She adds that crockpots are a good way to prepare those batch-cooked meals. “With a crockpot, you not only can cook large portions to break up over time but you can also get in everything you need, from proteins to your vegetables with necessary nutrients and minerals.”

The one thing to keep an eye on, besides ingredients, is portion size, she adds. “Certain comfort foods, like lasagna, do well with freezing and keeping for a while. You just need to be aware of portion size and what other vegetables and food options you’re cycling in to go with it.”

Fruits and veggies: fresh, canned or frozen?

Fresh fruits and veggies are always the best options if you can swing it. But certain items may be out of season depending on the time of year. Or maybe you’re looking to minimize trips to the grocery store or get certain produce in bulk.

In that case, you’re faced with a decision: canned or frozen?

According to Burnett, go with frozen. “Frozen vegetables and fruit have come a long way. Steamer bags make it much easier and have helped improve the quality. And nutrient-wise, those frozen options are fairly comparable to the fresh options.”

With the canned options, you run into issues like higher sodium in canned vegetables and higher sugars in the syrup with canned fruits. “There are some options that are healthier, like low sodium canned vegetables,” she says, “but you’ll just need to keep an eye on the nutrition labels and looked for those added sugars and salt.”FACEBOOKTWITTERLINKEDINPINTERESTEmailmeal plannutrientsvitamin cvitamin D

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Got a sore throat and cough? Research shows that honey can help soothe irritation thanks to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammation properties. @ClevelandClinic

Honey for Your Sore Throat and Cough

The natural at-home remedy can soothe irritation and decrease inflammation

t feels faint at first — there’s a little tickle or scratch at the back of your throat.

Then, it hurts or even burns when you swallow.

Ugh, you’ve got a sore throat, and a cough isn’t far behind.

You’re taking cough syrup and lozenges in an attempt to get some relief. But what about using honey for sore throat symptoms? Does this natural home remedy actually work to soothe a sore throat and cough?

Yes, says family medicine physician Elizabeth Rainbolt, MD.

Dr. Rainbolt explains how honey works and when and how to use it.

Honey for a sore throat

It’s common to get a sore throat every now and then. You may have a sore throat due to the following:

In addition to having other symptoms like nasal congestion, fatigue and fever, you may develop a cough.

Honey has a long history of being used as a natural remedy. And one remedy is to soothe sore throats and help alleviate a cough.

Research shows that honey has some antimicrobial and anti-inflammation properties. Honey can help by decreasing inflammation and irritation in your throat,” explains Dr. Rainbolt. “Another study shows that honey may reduce mucus secretion. So, you can use honey for cough symptoms as well, whether it’s a wet or dry cough.”

Is it safe for children?

Giving honey to a child under 1-year-old isn’t recommended, warns Dr. Rainbolt.

“There’s concern for an infant botulism, a serious illness that’s caused by Clostridium botulinum,” she continues. “While it’s a rare occurrence, honey can contain spores that cause botulism. It attacks the body’s nervous system and children under one are more vulnerable.”

How to use for a sore throat

Most sore throats tend to get better within a week, but during that time, adults can take a spoonful (about 1 teaspoon) of honey for a cough and sore throat.

You can also dilute half a teaspoon to 1 teaspoon of honey in warm water or tea. This method is also recommended for children older than 1.

“You can use it with any kind of herbal tea or warm water with lemon juice, which can be soothing as well,” says Dr. Rainbolt.

So, how often can you use this home remedy? Dr. Rainbolt recommends using honey no more than four or five times a day.

And part of that reasoning is that honey does contain sugar.

“If you’re concerned about your sugar intake, then I recommend using honey more sparingly,” she says. “I would just use it at night to give you some relief before you go to bed.”

And can you use both honey and traditional cold medicine?

Yes, says Dr. Rainbolt.

“If it seems like the honey isn’t helping on its own, then you can certainly do both honey and medication, if medicine is something that you are able to take,” she notes.

Is honey safe to use?

Honey can be a helpful tool for those who can’t take traditional cold medications — for example, children under 6 years old or individuals with health conditions like high blood pressure or cardiovascular disease.

Overall, honey can be a good way to help soothe your sore throat and cough. It doesn’t come with some of the side effects that over-the-counter medications have like drowsiness.

So, can you just buy any honey you see on the grocery store shelf?

Yes, but you might want to make sure it’s been pasteurized. The pasteurization process removes any crystallization and unwanted yeast. It also improves honey’s texture and color, while extending its shelf life.

Dr. Rainbolt also mentions that some people think using local honey, which tends to be unpasteurized or raw, can come with extra benefits.

“There’s a thought that if you use local honey, you are exposed to some of the area’s natural allergens in a positive way,” she explains. “The idea is that it will help with allergies you have.”

The next time your throat starts to tickle, reach for honey and see if it helps.

“Think of honey as a first line of defense for those over 1 year old,” says Dr. Rainbolt. “Honey is something that pretty much everyone can try. And it’s been shown to work as well as some cough suppressant medications. It’s a nice alternative.”

All the Reasons You Should Eat Strawberries. These berries benefit your memory, boost your immune system and keep your heart healthy @ClevelandClinic #healthaware

Strawberries are an iconic summer fruit — delicious in lemonade, on shortcakes or just straight out of the basket. And it turns out they may be the sweetest way to stay healthy, too. Registered dietitian Bailey Flora, MS, RDN, LD, explains the benefits of strawberries and what nutrients they contain that make strawberries so good for you.

Why are strawberries good for you?

“Strawberries give you a lot of nutritional value for very few calories,” says Flora. “They’re tasty but naturally low in sugar. That’s a combination that’s hard to beat.”

For starters, strawberries are loaded with vitamin C. Eight medium strawberries contain 160% of your daily recommended amount — the amount that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends you eat every day. That’s more vitamin C than you get from an orange, the fruit famous for its vitamin C.  

Strawberries are also packed with antioxidants, which protect cells from damage. The primary antioxidant in strawberries is anthocyanin, which gives the fruit its color. The amount of anthocyanin in strawberries increases as the fruit ripens. So, the redder the berry, the more antioxidants it contains.

Strawberries also have fiber and several other important vitamins and minerals, including manganese, potassium and folic acid. And strawberries have less natural sugar than other popular fruits such as apples and bananas.

Health benefits of strawberries

Strawberries are a nutrient-rich snack that can:

1. Boosts brain power

As your brain ages, it can lose some of its mental sharpness. But according to research, eating strawberries protects your brain’s processing powers as you get older.

The Nurses’ Health Study measured brain function in more than 16,000 participants over six years. It found that people who ate the most blueberries and strawberries had less cognitive decline — their thinking and processing abilities didn’t weaken as much. They had the brain power of someone up to two and a half years younger.

In more good news for strawberry lovers: The results of the Rush Memory and Aging Project showed that people who ate strawberries were 34% less likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease.

Researchers believe the protective effects are due to the antioxidants that safeguard cells. Some of the antioxidants in strawberries also reduce systemic inflammation, when your body is in a state of constant inflammation (swelling and irritation). Systemic inflammation is a key factor in the development of Alzheimer’s disease.

2. Strengthens your immune system

Strawberries are a great source of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), which you need to get from food, as your body can’t produce it. In rare cases, people who don’t get enough of this crucial vitamin develop scurvy, a disease that causes bleeding, bruising and anemia.

Vitamin C plays an important role in wound healing. And it may prevent and treat respiratory and systemic infections too. Research shows that vitamin C increases the production of:

  • T-cells, which remove infected and cancerous cells.
  • B-cells, which create antibodies so your body can better defend against germs in the future.

Vitamin C is also anti-inflammatory, lowering your stress response triggered by illness or just your busy life. To ward off germs, researchers suggest getting 100 to 200 milligrams (mg) of vitamin C a day — and more when you’re sick. As eating eight medium strawberries gives you 160 mg, it takes just a handful of berries to help keep your immune system in good shape.

“There isn’t enough evidence to say whether vitamin C can prevent colds and the flu,” says Flora. “And it can be more beneficial to choose vitamin-C-rich foods like strawberries over vitamin C supplements, as you get additional health benefits. With strawberries, that includes fiber and other phytonutrients and vitamins that cannot be replicated in a vitamin supplement.”

3. Protects heart health

Flora says that popping a few strawberries in your mouth isn’t just a way to stave off hunger — it’s also a heart-healthy food choice. Research shows that strawberries can help prevent several conditions that can lead to heart disease and stroke, as well as diabetes, which increases the likelihood of heart disease. Eating more strawberries can help you:

Lower cholesterol

In one small study, participants consumed two drinks a day, each made with 25 milligrams of freeze-dried strawberry powder blended with water. That’s about the same as eating 3.5 cups of fresh strawberries a day. After a month, the participants’ total cholesterol was 5% lower.

The cholesterol-lowering results of that study were echoed in another study that gave participants the same amount of freeze-dried strawberry powder. But this time, they consumed the drink for two months. Researchers compared the results to a group that just drank more water. Those who sipped the strawberry drink saw their cholesterol decrease by 10%.

Decrease triglycerides

Triglycerides are fats found in your blood. Having high triglycerides increases your risk of heart disease. And when triglycerides break down, they leave byproducts that trigger inflammation, attracting sticky deposits to blood-vessel walls. That material can clog your arteries (atherosclerosis), explains Flora.

But eating a pound of strawberries a day may reduce triglycerides by 20%. That’s the result of one study, which also found that strawberries reduced total cholesterol by 8%. 

4. Reduces inflammation

Widespread internal inflammation contributes to multiple diseases, including heart disease. Lifestyle factors like a poor diet, low physical activity and smoking can lead to inflammation.

Eating more strawberries is a step in the right direction to boost your heart health, says Flora. That’s because the most prevalent antioxidants in strawberries are anthocyanins, known for their anti-inflammatory effects.

5.  Helps manage blood sugar

Too much glucose (sugar in your blood) is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes, making you more likely to develop heart disease, too. If you’re watching your blood sugar levels, strawberries are a good way to satisfy your sweet tooth.

In a Finnish study, people who ate strawberries with a piece of white bread released 26% less insulin compared with eating bread with a cucumber. Participants also ate the bread with other berries, including raspberries and cranberries. Only strawberries weakened the post-meal blood sugar spike.

Strawberries are a great addition to a healthy diet, especially when you eat them on their own — Flora advises laying off the calorie-laden whipped cream, cake or ice cream. (Sorry!) They’re delicious, full of good-for-you nutrients and low in sugar. Try this strawberry smoothie. (Surprise — it’s green!) And for a strawberry treat that’s not too sweet, make these strawberry pretzel squares at your next get-together.FACEBOOKTWITTER