You know exercise builds muscles, strengthens bones, keeps your heart healthy and your mind sharp. But it also does something that you might not think much about: It helps keep your immune system â your internal defenses against infection â in tip-top shape.
If you take time for some physical exertion each day, it helps get your body ready to attack bacteria, viruses and toxins that can sneak in and make you sick.
But how much exercise is effective? Do too little or too much, and it wonât have the best effect on your immune system.
Clinical immunologist  Leonard Calabrese, DO, answers common questions about how exercise can impact your immunity and how to use your workouts to shut out a world of would-be invaders.
Q: How does breaking a sweat boost immunity?
A:Â If you exercise moderately on a regular basis, it tunes up the immune system in many ways. It enhances your broad-based defenses against viral infections, such as those causing upper respiratory infections.
Working out regularly also reduces the risk of many chronic diseases such as cardiovascular, respiratory illnesses and metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes.
Q: How much exercise do you need?
A:Â Fortunately, you donât have to push yourself to the limit to rev up your immune system. In fact, your immune system needs less of a workout than you get with your average cardio routine.
Focus on getting 20-30 minutes of moderate exercise, five days a week, and your immune system will thank you.
Q: What types of exercise are most helpful?
A:Â Moderate exercises, including biking or walking briskly in your neighborhood, are good ways to get your blood flowing. Swimming is also a good option for non-weight-bearing exercise for your joints.
Also try mind-body exercises such as Tai-Chi, Qi Gong and yoga, which are all options that help keep your joints flexible. These exercises also reduce chronic stress, which in itself is a powerful immune booster. These exercises can also help alleviate osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia symptoms.
Q: Can too much exercise set your immune system back?
A:Â Yes, though, the level to which it can slow your system down is still up for debate.
Research shows that exercising for more than 1.5 hours without refueling your body or giving it enough time to recover suppresses your immune responses for up to a few days. During that time, your cortisol levels rise, your white blood cell count drops and youâre more likely to develop a respiratory infection.
This problem usually affects elite athletes, such as marathon runners, most.
On the flip side, staying sedentary also increases your risk of infection, inflammation and chronic disease.
Q: Can exercise make an illness worse?
A:Â Yes, it can. This is a complex issue, but I like to tell my patients to do a âneck check.â If your symptoms are mostly of a mild cold without fever or lower respiratory symptoms, such as a productive cough, wheezing or shortness of breath, mild exercise can actually reduce congestion and may make you feel better.
If your symptoms are primarily in your lungs or you have a significant fever its better to rest until things settle down. Regardless, good hydration is important.
This dairy product can help you lose weight, manage blood sugar and strengthen bones
Cottage cheese doesnât typically receive a lot of attention. It gets left out from the fancy cheese counter at the grocery store. It doesnât make the cut for a charcuterie (meat and cheese) board. And it isnât typically included in recipes for favorite foods such as pizza, grilled cheese or baked ziti.
Itâs a soft, white, fresh cheese thatâs different in texture and taste than more popular cheddar, Parmesan and blue cheeses. But cottage cheese holds a prominent place in the dairy aisle for good reasons, says registered dietitian Julia Zumpano, RD, LD.
âItâs a portable food thatâs easy to add to your diet,â she says. âAnd cottage cheese offers lots of health benefits.â
As a dairy product, cottage cheese is a great calcium source, which is important for bone health. Having healthier bones makes you less likely to get osteoporosis (weak bones). Cottage cheese in your diet can even help with your blood sugar levels.
Thinking about giving cottage cheese a go? Zumpano explains what you need to know.
Is cottage cheese healthy?
Cottage cheese is low in calories while providing protein and vital nutrients, Zumpano says, making it one of the healthiest cheeses you can eat. Itâs made by curdling pasteurized (sterilized) cowâs milk â when milk turns acidic, the milk protein separates and forms curds (clumps). These loose curds serve as the base for cottage cheese.
Depending on the fat content of curdled dairy milk, cottage cheese is available as nonfat, low fat (1% or 2%) or whole fat. The milk type affects the nutritional content.
âTo get the most bang for your buck, choose a low-fat or even full-fat cottage cheese,â Zumpano advises. âNonfat cottage cheese may sound like a good idea, but it contains less protein and wonât be as satisfying.â Full-fat cottage has 1.5 grams more of saturated fat when compared to 2% but can be the most satisfying.
Health benefits of cottage cheese
Cottage cheese may be mild in flavor, but it packs a punch when it comes to potential health benefits. Some of the many benefits of cottage cheese include:
Provides good nutrition
A 100-gram serving (just under a half cup) of low-fat (2%) cottage cheese provides:
Three factors make cottage cheese a great choice if youâre looking to lose pounds or maintain your weight:
High in protein:Research finds that eating a high-protein diet helps curb your appetite and manage hormones associated with appetite, digestion and insulin release.
Low in fat: Full-fat cottage cheese contains less fat than some other cheeses (4% fat versus 30% fat in cheddar), and its high protein makes it an excellent low-fat option.
Provides calcium:Studies show that increasing calcium can help you lose weight when combined with a calorie-restricted diet.
Cottage cheese isnât the only dairy food to provide these advantages. Greek yogurt can also check these boxes. But if youâre deciding between the two, Zumpano recommends cottage cheese. âFull-fat cottage cheese and full-fat Greek yogurt have the same amount of fat, but cottage cheese has 25% more protein.â
Provides essential amino acids
Cottage cheese is rich in casein (pronounced âKAY-seenâ) protein. Itâs a complete protein that provides essential amino acids, which are all the building blocks of protein that your body needs.
Amino acids help your body work smoothly. They affect your:
Phosphorus is critical for proper bone development and strength, especially during growth spurts or when healing from a fracture.
Protein helps maintain bone mineral density and can reduce the risk of fractures.
âBone health is critical as you age,â Zumpano shares. âAdding cottage cheese to your diet is an easy way to strengthen them.â
Helps you control blood sugar levels
Plain cottage cheese is low in carbohydrates, making it a great option for anyone watching their blood sugar. The slow-digesting casein protein in cottage cheese also helps prevent blood sugar spikes.
âTo get this benefit of cottage cheese, choose plain cottage cheese,â Zumpano recommends. âAvoid cottage cheese pre-packaged with fruit and check the label for added sugar.â
Contributes to a balanced gut
Probiotics are live microorganisms that can improve the balance of good and bad bacteria in your gut (gut microbiota). The curdling process used to produce cottage cheese adds beneficial bacteria that can promote better gut health. But unlike Greek and regular yogurt, which almost always contain probiotics, not all cottage cheese is created equal.
âIf you want cottage cheese that provides probiotics,â Zumpano says, âcheck the label to see if it says it contains âlive and active cultures.ââ
Promotes muscle development
The slow-release protein in cottage cheese doesnât just help with digestion. Itâs also important for building muscle tissue and helping your muscles recover after a workout.
âCasein protein provides your cells with amino acids consistently over a longer period, which helps muscles recover instead of breaking down,â Zumpano explains. Consider having cottage cheese after a workout to get the maximum benefit for your muscles.
Reduces your risk of some cancers
Research shows that increasing dairy intake may lower your risk for some (though not all) cancers. âThereâs still a lot to learn about the connection between dairy and cancer prevention,â Zumpano states. âBut itâs clear there are protective benefits to including dairy in a balanced diet.â
Experts believe getting more calcium may offer protection from:
Bladder cancer.
Breast cancer.
Colorectal cancer.
Stomach (gastric) cancer.
Tips for adding cottage cheese to your diet
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) recommends that adults get three cups of dairy daily. Cottage cheese can help you reach that goal.
When you incorporate cottage cheese into your diet, remember to:
Check the nutrition label: Single-serve containers of cottage cheese may vary in size and nutritional content.
Consider your lactose tolerance: The lactose in cheese decreases with age. As a fresh, unripened cheese, cottage cheese often contains more lactose than aged cheeses. If you have lactose intolerance, consider a cottage cheese thatâs lactose-free.
Keep an eye on sodium: Cottage cheese can be high in sodium, so opt for low-sodium or sodium-free cottage cheese to protect yourself from high blood pressure and heart disease.
Get creative: There are many ways to eat more cottage cheese. Consider adding cottage cheese to your eggs or pancake mix. Bake it into muffins or cakes. Or use it as a substitute for sour cream or ricotta cheese.
You likely know that drinking alcohol too often or to excess isnât a good idea, health-wise. But when it comes to alcohol and heart health, you may have heard different sides. Is drinking all that bad for your heart? Can a glass of wine help reduce your risk of heart disease â or make it worse?
First things first: If you drink alcohol, you should do so in moderation to avoid alcohol-related heart issues. And you should never intentionally use alcohol to try to reduce your risk of heart disease.
To further explore the relationship between your ticker and your favorite glass of merlot or IPA, we chatted with cardiologist Leslie Cho, MD.
Ways alcohol can impact heart health
Here are some of the effects of alcohol on your heart:
Increased heart rate
One of the most important things your heart does is keep a rhythm. On average, a regular heart rate is about 60 to 100 beats per minute when your body is at rest. But alcohol can lead to your heart rate temporarily jumping up in speed, and if it goes over 100 beats per minute, it can cause a condition called tachycardia. Too many episodes of tachycardia could lead to more serious issues like heart failure or going into irregular rhythms, which can cause heart attack and stroke.
Raises blood pressure
That fourth drink at the bar may feel like itâs relaxing you, but itâs actually affecting your body differently than you might think. Alcohol can affect your blood pressure, causing it to go up temporarily. This is especially true when you engage in binge drinking (thatâs defined as four or more drinks within two hours for women and people assigned female at birth, and five or more drinks within two hours for men and people assigned male at birth).
And sure, weâve all had a night here or there where weâve had one too many and we know it. But itâs important to make sure those nights of overindulgence are the exception and not the rule. If youâre not sure, make a note to tune into how much youâre having over the course of the next month or so. If itâs more than recommended, try to consciously pace your drinking to help reduce the spike in your blood pressure that excessive alcohol causes.
And if you have a history of high blood pressure, itâs best to avoid alcohol completely or drink only occasionally, and in moderation.
Irregular heartbeat
Whether itâs a glass of red wine with your turkey or toasting champagne for the new year, alcohol definitely becomes more present during the holiday season. And while enjoying celebratory spirits in moderation is alright for most people, itâs important to be aware you can fall victim to holiday heart syndrome if you overdo it. This is when overeating and overindulging in alcohol lead to an irregular heartbeat.
Holiday heart syndrome can happen if you donât typically drink alcohol, but then have a few at a holiday party or if you binge drink. This can cause you to develop an irregular heartbeat, called atrial fibrillation, which can increase your risk of stroke, heart attack and heart failure.
Prolonged drinking can cause alcoholic cardiomyopathy
The short-term effects of alcohol (headache, nausea, you know the rest) are easy to pinpoint. But there are ways that alcohol affects your body over time that are important to understand. One of the long-term effects of alcohol on your heart is alcoholic cardiomyopathy. This is when your heart-pumping function gets weaker and your heart gets larger due to changes from heavy alcohol use over a long period of time.
OK, donât panic. If youâre an occasional drinker, thereâs no cause for worry. But it may be worthwhile learning about what counts as binge drinking and whether or not you may be drinking too much and donât even know it.
Is some level of alcohol safe or beneficial?
Itâs true, red wine is a better choice than hard liquor. But can a trip to the wine bar boost your heart health?
You should never consider wine or any other alcohol as a way to lower your heart disease risk. And, in fact, the study also showed that drinking one or fewer drinks per day was related to the lowest likelihood of dying from a stroke. However, Dr. Cho points out that more recent data shows that there may be no amount of alcohol that is truly safe. âThe myth that wine is beneficial for heart health is no longer true,â she states.
âItâs not a good idea to start drinking alcohol in an effort to lower your risk of heart disease,â Dr. Cho continues. âItâs better not to drink any alcohol at all.â
Itâs also important to know that the ways in which alcohol affects your heart will vary from person to person, depending on your age and other conditions you may have.
Age
Letâs face it, a hangover in your mid-40s doesnât feel the same as one in your early 20s. This is because your age plays a factor in how well you tolerate alcohol. While some people develop a tolerance to alcohol over time, this isnât true for everyone â and this ability doesnât last forever, Dr. Cho notes.
âAs we get older, our ability to clear alcohol definitely decreases and our sensitivity to alcohol probably increases,â she explains. âAlso as we get older, we end up having more diseases, so we could be on medicines that can interfere with the way our bodies metabolize alcohol.â
Other medical conditions
In many ways, your medical history (and present) can tell you a lot about your future with alcohol. That means, if youâre living with other medical conditions and/or taking certain medications, this will all have an impact on how alcohol affects you.
âCertain health conditions can make drinking alcohol more dangerous,â Dr. Cho says.
For example, some people who are on cholesterol-lowering medicines may experience muscle aches when they drink alcohol. Because alcohol and cholesterol medicine both are processed through your liver, they are, in a sense, competing for clearance. So, itâs important to think about your overall health and talk to a healthcare provider about your personal risk factors.
âAlcohol is made out of sugar,â Dr. Cho points out. âSo, if youâre predisposed to diabetes or if high triglycerides are one of your issues, itâs not a good idea to drink alcohol.â
Dr. Cho also warns that if you have liver dysfunction or take other medicines that are processed through the liver, your risks might be different. Talk to your healthcare provider about how alcohol might interact with your prescription medicines.
The last thing you want is for that casual drink after work or glass of wine at dinner to negatively impact your heart health. Thereâs a way to have a healthy, balanced relationship with alcohol that lets you enjoy a drink occasionally and celebrate with friends and family. But your heart is an important organ that should also be cared for, so be sure to drink in moderation, learn about binge drinking and know what your body can (and canât) tolerate before opening that tab.FACEBOOKTWITTERLINKEDINPINTERESTEmailalcoholalcohol and healthalcoholic beveragesbinge drinkingheart health
The term âbreakfastâ means breaking the fast. And at some point in our day, all of us do that, whether itâs at 7 a.m. or noon. Ideally, the recommendation is to put some food in your belly within two hours of getting up for the day.
Why not try your hand at making homemade tomato sauce? The freshness of the tomatoes and the smokiness of the roasted vegetables make this a great topping for spaghetti. If you donât have your own garden, use canned Roma tomatoes for a tasty dish that includes roasted mushrooms, broccoli and peppers.
Ingredients
Tomato sauce
Olive oil cooking spray 2 garlic cloves, minced 1 small carrot, minced 1 shallot, minced 4 cups peeled, seeded, and diced ripe tomatoes or one 28-ounce can no-salt-added diced tomatoes, drained 1/4 cup dry red wine 1 1/2 tablespoons balsamic vinegar 1/4 teaspoon crushed red pepper flakes, optional 1/4 cup chopped fresh basil
Pasta
1/2 pound whole wheat spaghetti 3/4 pound broccoli florets and stalks, peeled and cut into bite-size pieces 2 portobello mushrooms, halved and thinly sliced 1 red, yellow or orange bell pepper, seeded and coarsely chopped 1 1/2 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil 1 1/2 tablespoons balsamic vinegar Freshly grated pepper 2 tablespoons freshly grated Parmesan cheese
Directions
Preheat oven to 400° F. Line a rimmed baking sheet with aluminum foil.
To make the sauce, coat a large pot with cooking spray and saute the garlic, carrot and shallot over low heat until they begin to wilt, about 5 minutes. Stir in the tomatoes, wine, vinegar and red pepper flakes (if using). Cover and simmer slowly for 30 minutes.
Stir in the basil and simmer for 10 minutes more. (To make a smoother sauce, cool and process in batches in either a blender or food processor.) Set aside.
Place the broccoli, mushrooms and bell pepper on the prepared pan. Toss with oil and vinegar. Roast about 10 minutes until crisp or done to your taste. Sprinkle with pepper.
Cook the pasta according to package directions. Drain.
In a large serving bowl, toss the pasta with 2 cups tomato sauce. Top with the roasted vegetables and sprinkle with Parmesan cheese.
Nutrition information (per serving)
Makes 4 servings
Calories: 363 Total fat: 4 g Protein: 15 g Carbohydrate: 71 g Dietary fiber: 4 g Cholesterol: 0 mg Sodium: 100 mg Potassium: 93 mg
Why not try your hand at making homemade tomato sauce? The freshness of the tomatoes and the smokiness of the roasted vegetables make this a great topping for spaghetti. If you donât have your own garden, use canned Roma tomatoes for a tasty dish that includes roasted mushrooms, broccoli and peppers.
Ingredients
Tomato sauce
Olive oil cooking spray 2 garlic cloves, minced 1 small carrot, minced 1 shallot, minced 4 cups peeled, seeded, and diced ripe tomatoes or one 28-ounce can no-salt-added diced tomatoes, drained 1/4 cup dry red wine 1 1/2 tablespoons balsamic vinegar 1/4 teaspoon crushed red pepper flakes, optional 1/4 cup chopped fresh basil
Pasta
1/2 pound whole wheat spaghetti 3/4 pound broccoli florets and stalks, peeled and cut into bite-size pieces 2 portobello mushrooms, halved and thinly sliced 1 red, yellow or orange bell pepper, seeded and coarsely chopped 1 1/2 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil 1 1/2 tablespoons balsamic vinegar Freshly grated pepper 2 tablespoons freshly grated Parmesan cheese
Directions
Preheat oven to 400° F. Line a rimmed baking sheet with aluminum foil.
To make the sauce, coat a large pot with cooking spray and saute the garlic, carrot and shallot over low heat until they begin to wilt, about 5 minutes. Stir in the tomatoes, wine, vinegar and red pepper flakes (if using). Cover and simmer slowly for 30 minutes.
Stir in the basil and simmer for 10 minutes more. (To make a smoother sauce, cool and process in batches in either a blender or food processor.) Set aside.
Place the broccoli, mushrooms and bell pepper on the prepared pan. Toss with oil and vinegar. Roast about 10 minutes until crisp or done to your taste. Sprinkle with pepper.
Cook the pasta according to package directions. Drain.
In a large serving bowl, toss the pasta with 2 cups tomato sauce. Top with the roasted vegetables and sprinkle with Parmesan cheese.
Nutrition information (per serving)
Makes 4 servings
Calories: 363 Total fat: 4 g Protein: 15 g Carbohydrate: 71 g Dietary fiber: 4 g Cholesterol: 0 mg Sodium: 100 mg Potassium: 93 mg
A salad combination you may not have thought of, but will now be hooked on
This salad is a perfect addition to a large dinner menu when you have guests over for dinner and have a lot of other dishes to prepare. Itâs bright and flavorful, and you can make the dressing a day or two ahead to prep!
Ingredients
Dressing
1 1/2 cups frozen raspberries, thawed 2 to 4 tablespoons orange juice (depending on thickness desired) 1 tablespoon white wine vinegar 1 teaspoon sugar 1 tablespoon orange zest 4 tablespoons chopped fresh chives
Salad
1 pound romaine lettuce, washed, dried and torn into bite-sized pieces 1 pound radicchio, washed, dried, shredded 3 carrots, peeled and grated 1 cup mandarin oranges, drained, patted dry 20 cherry tomatoes, quartered
Directions
Assemble salad ingredients in salad bowl and toss.
Put all ingredients for the dressing in food processor or blender (except for 2 tablespoons chives), and process.
After all is processed, stir in the remaining 2 tablespoons chives.
Pour over salad just before serving and toss.
Nutrition information (per serving)
Calories: 107 Total fat: 0.5 g Saturated fat: 0.1 g Protein: 3 g Carbohydrate: 25 g Fiber: 5.4 g Sodium: 37 mg
âRecipe developed and copyrighted by Kristine Napier, MPH, RD, LD.
Therapeutic massage targets specific health concerns by working on muscles and soft tissue to reduce pain, improve mobility and support recovery. It's often used alongside other treatments and tailored to your individual needs. pic.twitter.com/YT0ubKJMRj
Therapeutic massage targets specific health concerns by working on muscles and soft tissue to reduce pain, improve mobility and support recovery. It's often used alongside other treatments and tailored to your individual needs. pic.twitter.com/YT0ubKJMRj
Healthaware 